MTOR and cancer: Spheroid 3D cultures recreate tumour-like gradients, providing a more realistic model for testing anticancer agents [12].Under hypoxic conditions, cancer cells activate survival pathways such as phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling cascades, which promote cell proliferation and resistance to cell death [13].