TGFB1 and neoplasm: Retlirafusp alfa (SHR-1701) is a bifunctional fusion protein that simultaneously blocks PD-L1 and traps TGF-β through its extracellular TGF-β receptor II domain, thereby aiming to restore anti-tumor immunity by reversing T-cell exclusion and dampening immunosuppressive signaling in the TME [25].