To further support T cell priming, dendritic cells can be expanded and activated ex vivo using cytokines such as the granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which bypasses the immunosuppressive signaling present in the tumor microenvironment, enables controlled activation and maturation of DCs, and ensures the delivery of tumor antigens in an immunogenic context [54,55]. This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and neoplasm.