Using the cutoff value of 0.397 derived from the training set, exosomal TF-Ag-α achieved 100% sensitivity, specificity, AUC, PPV, NPV, and ACC in distinguishing colon cancer patients (stages I–IV) from controls, surpassing the performance metrics observed in the training cohort (Supplementary Figure S2D–F). This evidence concerns the gene TF and colonic neoplasm.