TF and malignant colon neoplasm: Using the cutoff value of 0.397 derived from the training set, exosomal TF-Ag-α achieved 100% sensitivity, specificity, AUC, PPV, NPV, and ACC in distinguishing colon cancer patients (stages I–IV) from controls, surpassing the performance metrics observed in the training cohort (Supplementary Figure S2D–F).