INS and Hepatic steatosis: Specifically, it was designed with two major objectives: first, to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of SGB121 in a high-fat, high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet-induced MAFLD mouse model by assessing hepatic steatosis, serum liver enzyme activity, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations and, second, to investigate the cellular mechanisms of its principal bioactive component, ginsenoside F1, in free fatty acid (FFA)-challenged human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells, with a particular focus on lipid metabolism, antioxidant defense, and insulin signaling pathways.