ACE and left ventricular hypertrophy: After full adjustment for risk factors such as age, gender, race, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoke, drink, body mass index, left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiography (ECG), antiarrhythmic medications, plasma creatinine, metabolic equivalent, LDL cholesterol, CRP, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, the data indicated that serum electrolyte disorders such as hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and hyperphosphatemia were associated with an increased risk of AF and may also serve to be prognostic factors.