TNF and atherosclerosis: Monocytes differentiate into macrophages that excessively take up oxidized LDL and transform into foam cells [5], a crucial component of an atherosclerosis lesion, while T-lymphocytes secrete cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α through NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation to amplify the inflammation [4].