Four Phase I clinical trials for the treatment of melanoma employed autologous tumor cells genetically modified to express IFN-γ via retroviral transduction, liposomes with plasmid DNA coding for the IFNB1, and a modified vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) engineered to express IFN-β and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (VSV-IFNβ-TYRP1) [155,156,157,158]. Here, TYRP1 is linked to neoplasm.