ACE and diabetic kidney disease: For instance, a missense mutation (p.K77M) in the thiamine diphosphate (TCN2) gene markedly enhances an individual’s susceptibility to DKD [48]; risk alleles at susceptibility loci within genes including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), interleukin, and TNF-α also augment the risk of DKD development [49,50].