TGFB1 and cancer: hEMT cells exhibited significantly higher activity in pathways associated with cancer progression, including the TGF-β signaling pathway and cell migration, and were also markedly enriched in inflammation- and stress-related pathways, such as IL6/JAK/STAT3 signaling, hypoxia, angiogenesis, and autophagy-related pathways, all closely linked to metastasis.