INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The mechanisms by which HUCMSCs exert their effects on T2DM can be summarized in three key points: (1) HUCMSCs promote the “regeneration” of damaged pancreatic cells through “induced differentiation” wherein they differentiate into islet-like β-cells and secrete insulin within a conducive microenvironment, or via paracrine support, in which they release cytokines such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) that enhance the proliferation and survival of damaged islet β-cells, ultimately improving both the quantity and functionality of β-cells [36].