TNF and neoplasm: The tumor microenvironment’s chronic inflammation produces high levels of cytokines and chemokines, including IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα, which act through STAT3, NF-κB, and PI3K/Akt signaling to increase the number of CSCs, encourage the dedifferentiation of non-CSC tumor cells through EMT, and recruit immunosuppressive cells [89].