TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: Compared with the SIN group, the SIN-NLCs group exhibited lower concentrations of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), Serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), indicating that this group significantly suppressed the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and alleviated the severity of RA, as shown in Figure 7A–C.