ISG15 and infection: In both EV-A71 infection and non-infection conditions, diABZI treatment can stimulate the phosphorylation of STING, TBK1, IRF3, and STAT1 in muscles, and upregulate the expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs), including APOBEC3G (A3G) and interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), but has no significant effect on the phosphorylation of P65 and LC3 conversion (LC3-I to LC3-II) (Figure 3A,B).