TNF and neoplasm: Gliomas are recognized as “cold” tumors, characterized by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) with lower functional capabilities and a strong presence of immunosuppressive factors, such as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β); interleukins such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α); and immunosuppressive cells.