At baseline, there were no significant differences between the HFpEF and control groups in diastolic blood pressure, medical history (prior myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, or stroke), CS, LVEF, LVDD, IVS, LVPW, left atrial diameter, E/e′, septal e′ velocity < 7 cm/s, peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity > 2.8 m/s, BNP, sST2, serum sodium, NLR, hematocrit, or uric acid levels (all p > 0.05). Here, NPPB is linked to atrial fibrillation.