Noncanonical RAN translation leading to the production of aberrant proteins, was initially described in spinocerebellar ataxia type 8 (SCA8)53 and, to date, has been reported to be involved in at least nine disorders caused by RNA repeat expansion, including FXTAS16,17, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and frontotemporal dementia (ALS/FTD) caused by expansion of GGGGCC repeats in the C9orf72 gene54. This evidence concerns the gene C9orf72 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.