OSM and hepatocellular carcinoma: However, in mouse models of pancreatic, breast, and hepatocellular cancer, OSM knockout attenuates T-cell exhaustion and enhances immunological tumor control.19,20 We overexpressed OSM via the transplantation of retrovirally transduced BM.5,10 The transplanted mice presented reduced T-cell numbers, increased levels of T-cell exhaustion markers, and lactic acid (LA) production by stroma cells.