GPC3 and hepatocellular carcinoma: These CAR-T cells specifically secreted IFN-γ/IL-2 (Fig. S2D) and lysed GPC3+ HCC lines (Huh7, HepG2, Hep3B), but not GPC3− SK-HEP-1 cells (Fig. S2E and S2F), demonstrating their target-dependent specificity and efficacy.