ALB and cancer: To address these diagnostic challenges, various studies have explored biomarker-based prediction models for patients presenting with NSS symptoms across primary and secondary care settings.7, 10 For instance, Hernandez et al developed a clinical prediction score incorporating age (≥80 years), serum albumin, white cell count (WCC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which allowed for the correct classification of cancer versus non-cancer cases in 85% of the patients included in their analysis, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.90.