ACE and vibrio infectious disease: These included the haemagglutinin gene hapA, known for its cytotoxic and mucinolytic activities [51], along with the toxin genes ace, zot and hlyA (haemolysin) [52]; toxR, the transmembrane transcription factor that regulates the production of virulence factors in V. cholerae [53]; the cholera toxin genes ctxA and ctxB, which produce the ‘rice-water’ stools characteristic of cholera [54, 55]; the colonisation operon acfA-D; and the toxin co-regulated pilus cluster [56] (Fig. 6).