ATF3 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: These findings indicate that ST32da may confer renal anti-lipotoxicity in DBA mice, but not in db/db mice, which may involve reducing hepatic steatosis or triglyceride levels by activating the PGC-1α pathway and increasing ATF3 expression, thereby inhibiting pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-6, IL-1, and TGF-β (Figure 5B–D), ultimately improving obesity-related DN.