INS and diabetic kidney disease: In addition, when the storage and catabolic capacity of adipose tissue is exceeded due to excess lipids, lipids can be deposited in non-adipose tissues such as the liver and kidneys, causing lipotoxicity in these target organs, leading to insulin resistance, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and endoplasmic reticulum stress, resulting in cellular damage and even death, which could result in the onset of DKD (Bai et al., 2025).