Second, although network pharmacology studies have suggested the complexity of their multi-targeted effects, more direct evidence at the proteomic and metabolomic level or further at the knockout level is still needed on how precisely these interacting networks regulate key pathways (e.g., Nrf2/Keap1, NF-κB, etc.) in DKD in complex organisms (Chen et al., 2023). Here, NFE2L2 is linked to diabetic kidney disease.