Whereas IL-6 and TNF-α are involved in cancer cell invasiveness and metastasis, IL-1β has pleiotropic effects on immune cells and supports the survival and progression of cancer cells by promoting angiogenesis, proliferation, migration, and metastasis (Balkwill, 2009; Rébé and Ghiringhelli, 2020; Rašková et al., 2022). Here, IL6 is linked to cancer.