In addition, OMV-associated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and flagellin induce secretion of interleukin-8 from human intestinal epithelial cells (Kunsmann et al., 2015; Bielaszewska et al., 2018), which may further contribute to EHEC-HUS pathogenesis, in which proinflammatory cytokines play key roles (Fitzpatrick et al., 1992; Zoja et al., 2010). The gene discussed is CXCL8; the disease is hemolytic-uremic syndrome.