Our observation that tubular epithelial injury and kidney failure were induced by 100–400 μg of OMVs containing 14.6–58.4 μg of Stx2 (Table 2), but not by lower OMV doses (containing 0.73–3.65 μg of Stx2), is in agreement with a study in which 50 μg of purified Stx2 administered by oral gavage was required to induce tubular apoptosis and death in mice, while lower toxin doses (0.5 μg and 1 μg) failed to do so (Rasooly et al., 2010). The gene discussed is STX2; the disease is kidney failure.