However, traditional nutritional indices such as serum albumin (ALB) have significant limitations: First, due to its long half-life, ALB cannot accurately reflect real-time changes in nutritional status; Besides, a decline in ALB levels during inflammation primarily stems from synthesis inhibition and distribution abnormalities rather than simple nutritional deficiency, such that hypoalbuminemia can be regarded as an inflammatory marker (20, 21). Here, ALB is linked to nutritional deficiency disease.