TNF and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: These effects are compounded by OSA-induced oxidative stress, triggering release of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) and interleukin-6(IL-6), enhancing advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation, and activating the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) (11, 12).