TNF and glioma: As expected, the conditioned medium from either GL261 or ALTS1C1 glioma cells significantly activated BV2 cells with a notable increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, CCL-2, CXCL-10, MMP-14, TNFα, IL-1β, and iNOS (Figures 1A–H, Supplementary Figures S3A-C, S4A-J).