APPL1 and MODY: Genetic analysis was performed using targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) panels, including HNF4A, GCK, HNF1A, PDX1, HNF1B, NEUROD1, INS, ABCC8, KCNJ11, APPL1, and CEL. Patients were selected based on the presence of at least two clinical features suggestive of MODY, as defined by the 2022 International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines.