Additionally, IL-17 stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, regulates neutrophil and myocyte apoptosis during tissue infiltration, and can engage in various other pathophysiological pathways, including oxidative stress and a hypercoagulable state.[42,43] Simultaneously, IL-17 induces the production of IL-6, which plays a crucial role in the immune regulation of AF. Here, TNF is linked to atrial fibrillation.