TNF and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Acharya et al. [34] demonstrated that even abortive SARS-CoV-2 CNS infection can modulate expression of viral entry receptors (ACE2, TMPRSS2, NRP1, TRIM28) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α), linking these changes to neurodegenerative pathways such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.