These findings, along with our previous research identifying ketolysis as a regulator of CD8+ T cell cytolytic function22, suggest that DR regulates a nutrient-sensitive checkpoint within the TME—mediated by ketone bodies—that promotes the expansion of tumour-controlling effector (Teff-like and TexEff) T cells over terminal exhaustion, thereby improving tumour control. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and neoplasm.