Comparison of the grade 3 astrocytoma to the matched normal sample, revealed the top three DEGs encoding ECM glycoproteins (NTN1, AEBP1 and SPARC) and ECM-affiliated factors (C1QA, LGALS9 and C1QL1) (Supplementary Fig. 9B). Here, C1QL1 is linked to astrocytoma (excluding glioblastoma).