CSF1R and central nervous system cancer: However, in GBM Phase II trials, PLX3397 and other anti-CSF-1R therapies all failed to extend patient survival either as a monotherapy or combined with radiotherapy and TMZ in newly diagnosed GBM [14–16], although anti-CSF-1R monotherapy effectively extends animal survival in PDGF-B driven murine glioma (PDG) model [11, 17] or human GBM cell-derived xenografts model [18].