scRNA-seq showed that the CSF-1R ligands (CSF-1 and IL34) [12] as well as CSF-1R were primarily expressed in tumor cells and TAMs, with the highest expression of IL34/CSF-1 in GBM cells and the highest expression of CSF-1R in microglia (Fig 1D, E). Here, CSF1 is linked to glioblastoma.