TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Specifically, it downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) while upregulating anti-inflammatory IL-10 and tight junction proteins (e.g., ZO-1 and OCLN), thereby reducing systemic inflammation and metabolic endotoxemia associated with obesity [49, 50].