Both serum TGF-β and hepatic CCLs rose up in IL-11 overexpression group could be alleviated by macrophage depletion in vivo (Fig. 7G-J), which suggested macrophage as a potent paracrine target of IL-11-faciliated liver fibrosis, except for the autocrine effect of IL-11 on HSCs. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is Hepatic fibrosis.