For example, in BC models, matrix stiffness remodels TAM function through a dual mechanism: on one hand, it induces autocrine TGF-β release from TAMs, activating the TGF-β/SMAD pathway to promote collagen synthesis; on the other hand, it drives metabolic reprogramming via the TGF-β-arginase-1 axis, enhancing arginine uptake and proline synthesis. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is breast cancer.