PRTN3 and rheumatoid arthritis: RA susceptibility is strongly linked to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class 2 gene mutations, which encode proteins that present extracellular antigens to CD4+ T helper cells, which can influence the production of autoantibodies like ACPA [4]. Additionally, environmental factors such as smoking and silica dust are considered risk factors for the development of RA, both of which can interact with HLA alleles and lead to autoantibody production.