TF and anemia: There was a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in serum iron (81.00 ± 2.73 μg/dL), serum ferritin (59.00 ± 2.73 μg/L) and TS (22.2 ± 2.68 %) levels and a significant decrease (p ≤ 0.05) in serum transferrin and TIBC (363.00 ± 49.5 μg/L) concentration in Spinach-iron oxide nanoparticle group when compared to other anemia induced groups (G2, G3, G5).