TBK1 and ulcerative colitis: Similarly, hyperactivation of IFN pathways has been observed in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), where colonic tissues from individuals with active disease exhibit significantly elevated expression of STING, TBK1, IRF3, and IFNB1 compared with healthy controls, supporting the activation of the STING-TBK1-IRF3 axis in UC pathogenesis [208].