Prior studies have similarly identified IGFBP3 as a biomarker linking the absence of ‘favorable adiposity’ with elevated T2D risk and as a predictive marker for incident cardiovascular events.53 Together, these findings illustrate how environmentally patterned biology (IGFBP2) and genetic ancestry influenced pathways (IGFBP3) converge to shape diabetes risk through distinct but complementary mechanisms. Here, IGFBP3 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.