Causal inference analyses further revealed that specific lipids (e.g., PE 38:6, PC 33:2, PC O-36:1/PC P36:0) and proteins (IGFBP2, HGF, SSC4D) mediated racial and ethnic disparities in T2D, while Mendelian randomization identified a subset of genetically determined lipids (including CE 20:4, TG 50:3, DG 34:2) and IGFBP3 with putative causal roles. The gene discussed is HGF; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.