TNF and allergic disease: In addition, although Egger’s and Begg’s tests were used to examine whether there was potential publication bias on multiple outcomes, including IgE, OVA-IgE, cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ), immune cells (macrophages [Mac], lymphocytes [Lym], eosinophils [Eos], neutrophils [Neu]) and histamine, several core indicators of allergy, such as IgE, EOS, IL-4 and IL-5, showed significant publication bias, which may influence the accuracy of effect size estimation.