Whereas flavan-3-ols alleviated NAFLD not by direct FXR agonism but through inhibiting SHP and upregulating CYP7A1 and CYP8B1 in the liver, while suppressing SHP and TGR5 in the intestine (Vauzour et al., 2018). This evidence concerns the gene GPBAR1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.