GCG and metabolic disease: BAs are key signalling molecules that control glucose, fat, and energy metabolism by binding to the farnesoid X receptor and Takeda G protein-coupled receptor five in multiple organs, regulating incretin secretion, hepatic gluconeogenesis, glycogen synthesis, energy expenditure, inflammation, and gut microbiome composition, making them potential therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases (Shapiro et al., 2018; Xiang et al., 2021; Xie et al., 2021; Cai et al., 2022).