It decreases macrophage-driven pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine release—such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL-1, CXCL-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)—and attenuates neutrophil infiltration into the lungs, thereby mitigating lung injury and infection (Sanders and Beringer, 2024). Here, MMP9 is linked to infection.