Previous studies indicate that EpCAM is expressed at high levels in tumor stem cells and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) (Žagar et al., 2021; Brown et al., 2021), regulating intracellular signaling for cell proliferation, and modulating EMT (Chen et al., 2020; Shi et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2018); thus, it is closely associated with tumor recurrence and metastasis (Panda et al., 2024; Shi et al., 2020). Here, EPCAM is linked to neoplasm.