Indeed, the results also indicated that the TNF-α levels in the UTI group were significantly higher than those in the non-UTI group and the healthy control group (15.90 [15.39–16.40] vs. 28.99 [9.68–9.93] and 3.23 [1.02–4.21], p < 0.001). Here, TNF is linked to bacterial urinary tract infection.