In a study by Xu et al. (208), ovarian cancer cells transplanted into mice with gut microbiota dysbiosis exhibited increased xenograft tumor sizes; this dysbiosis stimulated macrophages, elevating circulating interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels, thereby inducing ovarian cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and ovarian carcinoma.