TGFB1 and neoplasm: TIME centers on immune regulation within the TME, encompassing immune cells (e.g., T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)), immune checkpoint molecules (e.g., PD-1/PD-L1), cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TGF-β), and their interactive networks (83, 84).