Second, in modulating the tumor microenvironment’s immune balance: tislelizumab promotes the proliferation of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells while inhibiting regulatory T cells (Treg) and M2-type macrophages, reducing immunosuppressive factors (e.g., IL-10, TGF-β) to enhance antitumor immunity and indirectly suppress HBV replication (30). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.